To treat existing kidney stones, doctors will first order an image - an x-ray, CT scan or ultrasound - to see how large the stones are, where they are, and whether they're causing an obstruction. Assuming the stone is smaller than 5 millimeters and isn't blocking anything, doctors will generally just prescribe painkillers and lots of water. Most smaller stones pass on their own within a few days.
The doctor may also prescribe a drug called Flomax, which helps to relax the urinary tract and ease passage. If the stone doesn't pass, is obstructing your urinary tract, or is too large to pass naturally, the doctor will choose one of a few surgical procedures. The first choice is generally lithotripsy, which uses shock waves to break the stone up into fragments.
Then the fragments can pass naturally. If lithotripsy isn't chosen, some other options are ureteroscopy, where an endoscope is threaded up through the urinary tract where it can remove the stone with a little attached basket, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, where a puncture is made in the kidney to provide direct access to the stone. Other treatments involve prevention.
Lots of fluids are essential. The doctor might recommend dietary changes depending on what the stone is made out of, and could also prescribe medications including potassium citrate, magnesium citrate, thiazide diuretics, and allopurinol. Since someone who made one kidney stone has a much greater chance of additional stones, it's very import for the stone patient to follow the recommended preventive treatments.
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