Can I get Castle Windsor to complain when I try to Resolve a single component which is multiply registered?

Yes, Windsor will by default use the first component as default for any given service and it not throwing but working like that is a really powerful feature used in some advanced scenarios like decorators, of chain of responsibility pattern.

You can create an implementation of IHandlerSelector that has an opinion about resolving IThings, throwing if more than one handler is available for your IThing service.

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