Can I replace 12v by 12 amp batteries with 12 v by 24 amp batteries?

Yes, You can put as many 12 volt batteries in parallel as you want. The output is still 12 volts. The amperage is only the maximum amount available.

For example, the 110 volt outlets in your home will allow from 20 to 40 amps of current depending on your fuse box, yet many devices that you plug into these outlets don't even use a full amp.

Yes. Having a high amperes is always better as it can take heavy loads. As long as your voltage is the same, the amperes is okay if it is not lesser than the original.

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