Evolutionist/Atheist, which evolved first?

For most animals, blood is not used to transport oxygen, for most animals, the heart is just a simple, contractile tube that does not pump blood through arteries or veins but merely sloshes nutrients and hormones around the body cavity. Many animals have multiple hearts. Knowing a little bit about comparative anatomy is a great help in gaining a true perspective on the living world.

For more detail see: Red Blood Cells: Centerpiece in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/39... Morphology of metazoan circulatory systems http://www.springerlink.com/content/m558... Comparative physiology and evolution of the autonomic nervous system http://books.google.com/books?id=AKHYySQ... The origin of the endothelial cells: an evo-devo approach for the invertebrate/vertebrate transition of the circulatory system http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05040.x/full Gene Regulatory Networks in the Evolution and Development of the Heart http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1922.short Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093481 Artificial Life Experiments Show How Complex Functions Can Evolve.

1) The Circulatory system: Small invertebrates like the flatworm have no circulatory system of any kind; no heart, no arteries, no capillaries and no veins. Transport of gases, nutrients and waste occurs at the cellular boundary of every cell in the organism. In the insects there is a muscular tube, which could be loosely described as a heart as a peristaltic wave along its length pushes the blood into the body cavity where it bathes all the insect's organs, when the 'heart' relaxes the blood is drawn back in.

This form of circulatory system is referred to as an open circulation. In the annelids, tunicates and lancets, there is an enclosed circulatory system with recognisable veins, arteries and capillaries. The heart (or hearts as in the case of the earthworm) is still a simple muscular tube-like structure.

In the vertebrates all the circulatory systems are closed, and the heart becomes more complex as the organisms do. Most fish have a two-chambered heart, but the lungfish has a three-chambered heart with a similar structure - albeit slightly simpler - to the three-chambered amphibian heart. Amphibians and reptiles, in the main, have three-chambered hearts in which the division of the ventricle while incomplete shows various stages of the growth of the septum that divides the ventricle into two separate chambers in a four-chambered heart.

Certain reptile species possess a four-chambered heart, as do birds and mammals. Now I would like to put the final touches to this response, with respect to the development of the human heart in the growing embryo. Initially this tiny speck of humanity possesses no heart or circulatory system of any kind, then from some clusters of specialised cells two tiny open-ended muscular tubes grow, these are referred to as the dorsal aorta, and as the embryo grows these two tubes come together to form what will now be called the heart tube.

This tiny little tube starts to beat shortly afterwards, pushing blood out into the body cavity and drawing it back when it relaxes, using the same peristaltic movement described earlier in my response. This tube-like heart begins to grow rapidly, folding in on itself to form an S-shaped structure, the atria develop from the ends of the vessels that draw the blood into the heart, the ventricles develop from the opposite end of the heart. And through this process it has no chambers, then two, then three and finally four chambers.

And all through its growth this heart beats and propels the blood outwards, initially into the body cavity and finally around the blood vessels which have been growing towards the heart from the yolk sac, which is also the place where the first blood corpuscles emerge. As you can see, at no stage, either in the evidence of comparative anatomy, or in the evidence of human embryology, is there a nonfunctional intermediate stage. All stages are functional and so the concept of "irreducible complexity" can be defeated using such evidence, which all too frequently is ignored by the supporters of creationism and intelligent design.

2) The Eye: Possible intermediaries from no eye to the human eye are discussed at length by Darwin. ("On the Origin of Species," 6th edition, 1872, pp. 143 to 147) In the rest of nature, over 80 known paths exist between no eye and the kinds of eyes we have evidence for.

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