Getting a handle on GIS math, where do I start?

Given a start point in lat/long and a distance and bearing, finding the end point is a geodesic calculation. There's a great summary of geodesic calculations and errors on the proj.4 website . They come to the conclusion that using a spherical model can get results for distance between points with at most 0.51% error.

That, combined with a formula to translate between WGS-84 and ECEF (see the "LLA to ECEF" and "ECEF to LLA" sections, seems like it gets you what you need.

I'd do a full-up calculation if you can. That way you'll always be as accurate as you can be.

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