Help with family tree...Where does the name Radford come from?

There are 4 types of DNA, 3 that are being tested for ancestry. Y is passed from father to son. It is a male sex chromosomes but about 1 out of 6 females get the Y.

The reason they are the female phenotype is they are totally insensitive to testosterone and therefore they are totally estrogen. They will not have ovaries. They will not know about it until they go through puberty and fail to have a menstrual period.

Then their physician will do tests. If you changed the diapers of a xy female it would be no different than if you changed the diapers of an xx female. X is the other sex chromosomes, both males and females get an X from their mother and in addition about 5 out of 6 females get an X from their father.

The X has been regarded as untraceable. However it is being used in the Geno 2.0 test. Mitochondrial is in the cytoplasm outside the cells and is passed from mother to both sons and daughters but only the daughters pass it to the next generation.

Autosomal you get 50-50 from both parents but not necessarily 25% from each of your 4 grandparents. The reason why what you inherited can be biased between grandmother and grandfather on both sides of the family. How you inherited any bias will not be how your siblings inherited it.

An exception can be for identical twins. When your parents passed on the Autosomal they received from their parents to you it was randomly rejumbled and went through a process called recombination. Y & Mitochondrial testing have been used for years as they both go back in a straight line unchanged barring mutations.

How it is useful is if you find others you feel you might possibly share ancestors with in those 2 direct lines and if you are tested and have a complete match with them then you are in a position to share information. The Y is facilitated with surname projects. Now with each they will assign you to a Haplogroup and show you the origin of your nomadic ancestors going back thousands of years.

However it is only in 2 lines, Your family lines double each generation you go back. If you can have both tested by the time you got back to your 16 great great grandparents, 14 of them will excluded from the results. So don't be fooled when they tell you they can show you your deep ancestral origins.

It is only in 2 lines. Y & Mitochondrial are totally useless in giving a person an overall view of their ancestry. Understand that Y & Mitochondrial testing is very exact but represent a tiny part of your total ancestry.

Most of your DNA is Autosomal. It is what is used in the overall ancestral testing. However Autosomal does not come down in a straight line unchanged.

There are no Haplogroups with Autosomal. The problem is the only thing they can do is match you with population samples they have. Therefore it has been reported that if you have your Autosomal tested by more than one company the results will not be the same.

No doubt that is because one might be deficient in or not have a certain population samples the other one does and vice versa. This type of testing has been over hyped on TV. Maury Povich doesn't know enough to ask questions to clear things up.

If George Lopez and the other celebrities had theirs tested by other companies they will no no doubt get different results. It is not that DNA lies but it is a matter of what they have to analyze it by is not perfect. When it comes to the Autosomal tests.

So anytime they give you a pie chart breaking down your ancestry keep some skepticism about you. A couple of websites to check out are FamilyTreeDNA and 23and me. Then there is DNATribes that only test Autosomal.

What they do is show you your top 20 matches in descending order. They aren't saying you have ancestors from all those matches. They will give you additional matches for an additional fee.

They have 1227 population samples and 918 Indigenous populations. Ask as many questions that you have in advance. You can do that easily with FamilyTreeDNA and DNATribes by going under "feedback" at the top by emailing them and asking questions.

They are very prompt at replying before you take any tests and after you take the tests Also they don't use blood. All your body tissues and fluids contain your DNA. 4 weeks ago Genealogy means getting documents/records.

It take time. Even when you see where your specific ancestors originated before immigrating very likely they were not pure anything. Whenever someone says they are a pure blooded such and such it sounds like they are talking about their pedigree horse or dog.

No race, nationality, ethcnity, ancestry is pure.

Blood tests are not used for DNA testing any longer. Ethnicity is not expressed as a percentage, it is expressed as a fraction, DNA can be expressed as a fraction, but DNA results is for Ancient Ancestry (1-2 thousand years ago) and not recent relatives. You need to be legally of age to have DNA testing performed.

The way that we determine ethnicity is through research and documenting the findings. As for how the fraction is determined here is an example. My Grandfather was fully Italian Swiss, his children were 1/2 Italian Swiss and I am 1/4 Italian Swiss.

Each generations is 1/2 the proceeding generation. If you have a Parent that is 1/2 English and another parent that is 1/4 English then add the two fractions and divide by 2.

I cant really gove you an answer,but what I can give you is a way to a solution, that is you have to find the anglde that you relate to or peaks your interest. A good paper is one that people get drawn into because it reaches them ln some way.As for me WW11 to me, I think of the holocaust and the effect it had on the survivors, their families and those who stood by and did nothing until it was too late.