How are seashells made?

Beautifully patterned colors and intricate architecture can make a seashell look like a work of art, but the value of the shell to its maker is the protection it gives against predators, the drying sun, or wave damage. Seashells are made by mollusks, but not all mollusks make shells. Squids, slugs and many other mollusks gained greater freedom of movement by giving up the shell-making ability of their ancestors.

Our mineral structures, bone and teeth, form internally. How does a mollusk produce a shell outside its body? The secret is a structure called the mantle.

The surface cells of this flap of tissue produce a protein and carbohydrate coating in which dissolved minerals are concentrated and crystallized. The mineral part of seashells is calcium carbonate, and the chemicals needed to make it are abundant, in dissolved form, in seawater. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, have two shells attached by a hinge.

The youngest part of the shell is the edge. As the animal grows, a shallow ...

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