How can codling moth population be monitored for effective insecticidal treatment?

Codling moth larvae can not be detected until well past time for effective insecticidal treatment. Hence, monitoring is aimed at adults. Formerly, light traps and feeding lures (molasses or beer/wine mixed with water) were the main adult monitoring methods.

More recently, pheromone traps baited with synthetic female sex attractant have been used. A problem with pheromone traps, however, is that they only attract males and thus give only an indirect measure of female abundance and activity. More.

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