How can I mimic the GNU/linux C development environment on OSX Lion?

On OS X 10.7, if you have downloaded Xcode 4.1 from the Mac App Store and then run the installer that it downloads (in /Applications), your first attempt should have worked just fine assuming you have not set some environment variables that are looked at and influence Apple's gcc tool chain. The object file that is produced in this case would be using the default 10.7 ABI (include files and libs). If you want to produce something that would be compatible with OS X 10.6, then you need to tell the tool chain to use the 10.6 SDK ABI, which is what you did in the third attempt.

A standalone project typically handles this by setting up a Makefile to automate building. But, unless you are trying to build something on a version of OS X (10.7 here) that will also run on earlier versions of OS X (say 10.6), there is generally no need to use an SDK.

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