How do doctors examine eyes in cases of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

In an optic neuritis attack, the doctor looks for particular findings. Visual acuity, or sharpness, is tested by means of the eye chart. It will be decreased in the affected eye.

The fields of vision are tested when the patient is asked to look straight ahead and to indicate when an object comes into view from each side. This may reveal right or left hemianopsia or show an abnormal blind spot (scotoma) in the center of vision or off to the side. The optic nerve is examined by the ophthalmoscope, which enables the doctor to look at the back of the eye.

With multiple sclerosis (MS), the optic nerve may appear pale, red, or swollen. Finally, the pupils are checked for appearance and reaction to light and focusing, both close and at a distance. Eye movements are examined by having the patient look to the right and to the left and up and down.

Two abnormalities may be seen that typify MS. One is nystagmus, the involuntary jerking of the eyes as they gaze in different directions or sometimes even at rest. The second is weakness of the eyes, more of one eye than the other, in looking to one side.

This asymmetrical gaze weakness is called internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia indicates a brain stem lesion. Nystagmus points to either the brain stem or cerebellum or their connections to the inner ear.

Two rare signs, which also reveal MS involvement of the brain stem, are third-nerve palsy and Horner's syndrome, both of which show an eyelid droop on one side. In third-nerve palsy, there is also dilation of the pupil and weakness of all eye movements except looking outward. In Horner's syndrome, there is constriction of the pupil and no gaze weakness.

I cant really gove you an answer,but what I can give you is a way to a solution, that is you have to find the anglde that you relate to or peaks your interest. A good paper is one that people get drawn into because it reaches them ln some way.As for me WW11 to me, I think of the holocaust and the effect it had on the survivors, their families and those who stood by and did nothing until it was too late.