How do Home Pregnancy Tests Work?

At home pregnancy tests test your urine for the pregnancy hormone. Most of these are a simple one piece stick. You urinate on one end, and within 3 minutes, you have results.

Home pregnancy tests measure the presence of a pregnancy hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in your urine. This hormone, produced by cells from the placenta, first enters your bloodstream after the fertilized egg (the embryo) implants in the lining of your uterus, shortly after fertilization. The amount of hCG in your body then increases rapidly over the next few weeks, often doubling every two days or so.

How accurate are home pregnancy tests on the day you miss your period? Most tests claim to be "greater than 99 percent accurate" and imply that you can use them as early as the day you miss your period, but a study published in 2011 in the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine showed that this is misleading. Some tests may be able to detect the hormone in your urine at that point and give you a positive result, but most aren't sensitive enough to guarantee you an accurate result.

Researchers at the University of New Mexico evaluated both digital and manual tests from three different manufacturers and found that only one brand of test (both the digital and manual version) was 97 percent accurate in detecting pregnancy on the first day of a missed menstrual period. (The amount of hCG in the urine at this time can vary a great deal from one woman to another.) The other brands correctly predicted pregnancy about half the time. The bottom line: You're much more likely to get an accurate result if you wait a week after your expected period before testing.

Read more about when to test to see whether you're pregnant.

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