How does Pythonic garbage collection with numpy array appends and deletes?

The point of automatic memory management is that you don't think about it. In the code that you wrote, the copies will be garbage-collected fine (it's nigh on impossible to confuse Python's memory management). However, because np.

Append is not in-place, the code will create a new array in memory (containing the concatenation of a and 10 ) and then the variable a will be updated to point to this new array. Since a now no longer points to the original array, which had a refcount of 1, its refcount is decremented to 0 and it will be cleaned up automatically. You can use gc.

Collect to force a full cleanup.

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