What are the differences between open-loop control systems and closed-loop control systems?

A: When the engine is first started, and rpm is above 400 rpm, the system goes into 'Open Loop' operation. In 'Open Loop', the ECM will ignore the signal from the Oxygen (O2) sensor and calculate the air/fuel ratio based on inputs from the coolant and MAF sensors, but mostly from a pre-programmed table in the memcal The system will stay in 'Open Loop' until the following conditions are met: 1. The O2 sensor has varying voltage output, showing that it is hot enough to operate properly.

(This depends on temperature) 2. The coolant sensor is above a specified temperature about 40oC/104oF 3. A specific amount of time has elapsed after starting the engine The specific values for the above conditions vary with different engines and are stored in the mem-cal.

When these conditions are met, the system goes into 'Closed Loop' operation. In 'Closed Loop', the ECM will calculate the air/fuel ratio (injector on-time) based on the various sensors but mainly the O2 sensor. This allows the air/fuel ratio to stay very close to 14.7:1.

I cant really gove you an answer,but what I can give you is a way to a solution, that is you have to find the anglde that you relate to or peaks your interest. A good paper is one that people get drawn into because it reaches them ln some way.As for me WW11 to me, I think of the holocaust and the effect it had on the survivors, their families and those who stood by and did nothing until it was too late.