What do introns, exons, pseudogenes, etc. have to do with evolution?

Understanding the evolutionary role of mutation requires some appreciation for the various types of DNA changes which can occur, the various chromosomal sites for these changes, and the functional impact for each. Basically, the less critical a site is for normal function, the more likely it is that a mutation at the site will be neutral (and, hence, that neutral changes will accumulate by a combination of mutuation and drift). €¢ Pseudogenes basically do nothing, so almost any mutation in a pseudogene will be neutral.

Pseudogenes originate by gene-duplication mutation. At the moment of its first appearance, the "extra" copy would have no necessary function (and it might be deleterious). Unless additional mutations rather quickly established some useful role for this new gene, it could be deactivated by random mutation and would henceforward be free to vary without any impact on fitness.

€¢ Introns are DNA segments within a gene which do not correspond to any part of the protein for ... more.

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