All of these terms are computer radio features that are used to adjust how the model performs without having to make physical installation/linkage changes. In many cases, you can not get a mechanical linkage to give you a small enough (or large enough) amount of travel for the model to fly its best. These functions let you adjust those travels for optimum performance/safest flight.
ATV has developed into a slang term meaning how far the servos move at their extremes. EPA is a specific type of ATV in which each end is adjustable separately. For example, the throttle servo can be adjusted at idle separately from high end.
AST is basically ATV where you get just one setting that affects both ends of the travel. If you turn it down to 90% both right aileron and left aileron will move only 90% of the total distance the servo is able to move on its own. D/R is the common abbreviation for dual rate.
What dual rate means is that you have one rate or total distance the servo/surface will ... more.
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