What happens when the adrenal glands malfunction?

If your adrenal glands (which are part of the endocrine system) malfunction and produce more or less of a hormone than they should, it can lead to several health problems. Let's use cortisol as an example. The pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to stressful situations to trigger the well-known fight-or-flight response through cortisol secretion.

When excess pituitary secretion happens, the adrenal glands respond by secreting excess cortisol. (The process is like a game of hormonal dominos; one secretion triggers a chain of others.) Cortisol also controls the way the body processes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and helps the body reduce inflammation. When there's too much cortisol, it can lead to the classic signs of Cushing's disease, including weight gain, acne, a buffalo hump (collection of fat between the shoulders), increased urination, and the growth of facial hair.

Medication can be prescribed to treat it, but Cushing's is often caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary that needs to be surgically removed. Now, if you produce too little cortisol, you may feel extremely tired and develop low blood pressure. Although infections can cause this problem, a leading culprit is autoimmune disease, where your own guard cells attack and kill the adrenal.

Replacing the missing cortisol addresses the problem, but the pill must be taken daily.

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