What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common problem, affecting one in ten girls and women, and results in irregular periods, acne, and extra hair growth. It occurs when hormone imbalances prevent eggs from maturing and being released from the ovaries each month; instead, the immature follicles form cysts in the ovaries. With no egg released, there’s no progesterone produced by the egg sac to balance the estrogen produced by the ovaries.

This unopposed estrogen can lead to irregular periods--sometimes you have too few periods, others you may have periods with prolonged heavy bleeding; that's from a build up of excess lining in the uterus made by all that estrogen. Some of this surplus estrogen gets converted to the so-called male hormone testosterone (women’s bodies make it, too), causing acne and hair growth in unwelcome places. All that extra testosterone also increases the appetite, leading to weight gain in a majority of people with PCOS.

Some patients also become resistant to the hormone insulin. This can bring about dark, velvety skin on the back of the neck, under the arms, or in the groin area, called acanthosis nigricans. While not dangerous, it is a sign of insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes.

Parents often mistake the skin discoloration for dirt, but it is actually extra pigment in the skin.

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