What is the meaning of ENSO in relation to tropical cyclones?

ENSO stands for "El Nino Southern Oscillation," which is the full name of the phenomena commonly referred to as El Nino. ENSO is the preferred nomenclature of the phenomena because El Nino only refers to the warm phase of the oscillation, while La Nina is the cool phase. ENSO refers to both these phases in the phenomena ENSO has a variety of complex, poorly-understood causes, but it does tend to oscillate between its two phases every three to seven years.

El Nino is characterized by a reversal of the Trade Winds in the equatorial Pacific. This results in warmer water moving east all the way to the coast of South America, where cold water is typically up-welled. La Nina is an enhanced phase of the "normal" conditions, which feature stronger Trade Winds.

This allows the up-welling to become more pronounced and keeps the warm water confined to the Western Pacific In terms of what this does to tropical cyclones, the results vary among the different ocean basins. In the Eastern Pacific, for example, hurricane activity is increased during an El Nino and decreased in the La Nina. However, the opposite occurs in the Atlantic Basin, primarily due to increased wind shear (during El Nino), which disrupts cyclone formation.

ENSO is one of several mechanisms that can influence the amount of cyclone activity in a particular year in a given basin. Properly attributing the level of activity to one specific forcing, or to a combination of specific forcings, is nearly impossible.

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