When send() returns in socket programming, what does that mean?

In general, all it guarantees is that the data has been copied to the kernel buffer. The kernel may or may not immediately initiate transmission. Indeed, there are some cases where due to TCP windowing, it may not be possible to transmit immediately Of course, it's possible that, immediately after copying to the kernel buffer, a context switch might occur, and by the time your process gets to run again, the packet may have been received by the peer - but this is highly unlikely.

In general, all it guarantees is that the data has been copied to the kernel buffer. The kernel may or may not immediately initiate transmission. Indeed, there are some cases where due to TCP windowing, it may not be possible to transmit immediately.

Of course, it's possible that, immediately after copying to the kernel buffer, a context switch might occur, and by the time your process gets to run again, the packet may have been received by the peer - but this is highly unlikely.

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