The finest Emeralds come from Muzo and Chivor, Colombia. Fine material has also come from Minas Gerais, Brazil and the Ural Mountains of Russia. Emeralds have also come from the Cobra and Somerset Mines in Transvaal, South Africa, and the Habatchal, Austria.
In the U.S. , the only significant Emerald deposits are in North Carolina. The most productive and famous locality there is Alexander Co. Small amounts from North Carolina have also been found in Shelby, Cleveland Co.
; Big Crabtree Mountain, Alexander Co. ; and Franklin, Alexander Co" (Friedman 2003) Gem beryl is found nearly exclusively in hydrothermal veins, pegmatites, or at the contacts of larger igneous intrusions that invade aluminous schist, shale or impure limestone. The volatile fraction of the vein liquid or magma provides Be and the host rock the requisite Al" (University of Texas 1998).
Emerald is usually found in hydrothermal veins, though occasionally can be found in pegmatites. In order for the Beryl to form with the dark green coloration of an Emerald, it must be infused with chromium impurities. This process occurs during crystalization and is a very rare occurence.
The geological conditions must be just right, including having a source of chromium near the hydrothermal veins. Carbon is a large contributor to how deep the color is."The scarcity of these emeralds can be comprehended when it is recognized that many of the fine emeralds are those that were found when Pizarro conquered Peru, centuries ago" (Shreve) Source: Earlham College.
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