Why do pthreads’ condition variable functions require a mutex?

It's just the way that condition variables were initially implemented in DEC threading, the precursor to pthreads.

A condition variable is quite limited if you could only signal a condition, usually you need to handle some data that's related to to condition that was signalled. Signalling/wakeup have to be done atomically in regards to achieve that without introducing race conditions, or be overly complex.

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