Why do some stars end up black holes?

For most of their lives, stars exist in a state of equilibrium between gravity, which pulls the star's mass inward, and radiation pressure, which pushes outward. Eventually, the nuclear fusion in a star's core stops; the radiation pressure decreases and gravity takes over. For stars smaller than about 1.4 solar masses (the Chandrasekhar limit), gravitational collapse results in a white dwarf.

Stars with masses from 1.4 to something over 3 times that of the sun (the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, which is not yet as well understood as the Chandrasekhar limit) collapse into neutron stars. The collapse of more massive stars results in black holes; the smallest known black hole has an estimated mass 3.8 times that of the sun. Note, however, that these masses are for the star (or remnant thereof) at the time of its collapse.

Stars lose significant amounts of mass as they age, and supernova collapses involve only the star's core (the rest of the star is blasted into space), so the original main-sequence stars are more massive than their final stages might suggest. A main-sequence star of less than about 8 solar masses will end up as a white dwarf, a star of between 8 and 20 solar masses will become a neutron star, and a main-sequence star with a mass greater than about 20 suns will eventually form a black hole. The origin of the supermassive black holes found at the cores of galaxies is still unclear.

They may form through accretion of matter by stellar black holes, or by the spontaneous collapse of unstable "relativistic stars," or possibly as a result of the sheer mass accumulating at the core of a galaxy. The physical size of a black hole (its Schwarzschild radius) is proportional to its mass, so the volume of a black hole increases as the cube of its mass. This means that supermassive black holes can be less dense than water or even air, so the matter making up a supermassive black hole does not need to be compressed as much as for a stellar-mass black hole, possibly making it easier for the necessary mass to accumulate.

It is based on the mass of the star. Humongous stars, six times the mass of our Sun or more, are likely to become black holes. Generally speaking, stars explode at the end of their lives (known as a supernova).

This happens when the star's core collapses and heats up causing a runaway reaction of neutrinos until it gets to the point where they cannot escape. Supernovae are the results of the compressed energy involved in the process in addition to the outer layers of the star being shed off. There are microscopic black holes that most likely occurred during the early evolutionary stages of the universe.

There are also stellar-mass and intermediate black holes, along with supermassive black holes that may contain billions of solar masses. These are commonly found in the center of galaxies, including our own! I hope I helped; have a great day!

What causes a massive black hole is when a star dies, or when a large cloud of gas collapses and they get bigger my merging with other black holes.

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