Why is PrintStream class reference declared as a static variable in System class in java?

Absolutely - System. Out and System. Err are just the PrintStream values associated with standard out and standard error.

The System class doesn't "reference the PrintStream class". It has two static fields of type PrintStream: out and err. So if you want to write to the out stream, you use System.out.

If you want to write to the err stream, you use System.err. If you want to write to another PrintStream, you construct one by yourself: new PrintStream(...).

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