It's slightly ambiguous as to whether you're referring to computer processing speed, or network bandwidth. I shall attempt to answer both questions and hopefully this will help 1) Networked computers are obviously going to allocate some system resources to the task; however, for any normal network task I doubt you'd notice the difference when using the computer. If you're planning on using multiple NICs, in, for example, bridging two networks (see the other FAQs), this will be a more significant drain on resources, and it's not usually the best way of setting up a network 2) Networking bandwidth (the speed files can be transmitted) is really dependent on how you have your network wired up.
If you're using co-axial cable to daisy-chain computers (in a series connection), then you're correct, each extra computer will halve the available networking speed. This is pretty old fashioned though - it's much more likely you're using CAT5 (twisted pair) cable (the ends kinda look like US phone plugs). In this case the speed depends mainly on the speed of your network adaptor (the card in your pc: 10, 100 or 1000MB/s for wired connections).
If you're connecting 2 pcs the simplest solution is just a cross-over cable (see the other FAQ). If it's for 3 or more, it's best to use some sort of central hub, which all the computers connect to - the more connected, the slower the network will run, due to packet loss etc. It's better to use a switch, which routes packets more intelligently, only sending data to the computers that request it.
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