Turntables don't have phono in jacks, i'm assuming you mean a receiver... You are correct in plugging the record player into the phono jacks, this should work, but since it doesn't, the phono jacks are probably shot and are not amplifying the turntable signal properly. Your best bet would be to simply replace the receiver with another used one (since no moderately priced receivers have phono jacks) with phono jacks or invest in a phono preamp.
The turntables are meant to plug into the input of an amp or PA in the phono mode. The turntable is not putting out signal in the "line" levels so will need the preamp stage built into the "phono" mode. If you can not hear anything when you have the switch in the "phono" setting makes me think there is something wrong with the PA.
The device (turntable) is not a digital output device so stay away from any input that is expecting digital signal. Try them in a new amp or receiver. If you don't have one with "phono" inputs, you will need a separate preamp.
Good luck.
All turntables must use phonopreamps, to both amplify the output of the phonocartridge and to re-equalize the signal back to a flat responce. All records are recorded with high frequency's boosted and low frequency's cut so they can get more information on a record and so the cartridge can track it. The PA system says phono / line but the phonostage probably has to be purchase separately, its probably not built in.
There are many external phonostages available, just choose one that matches the type of cartridge you have which is a moving magnet. Kevin 40 years high end audio video specialist.
The turntable has to be connected to a preamplifier or a mixer prior to connecting to a power amplifier so that you can have sound. You connect the rca cable from the turntable to the mixer or a receiver first, it is an analog signal only. If the record you have has allot of scratches on it it will have an effect on the sound that comes out.
Hope this will help you out.
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