Counting Valence Electrons The number of valence electrons is just how many electrons an atom has in its outer shell. It's easy to figure out if you've got a periodic table. (See the link below this answer for a good periodic table) All the elements in each column have the same number of electrons in their outer shells.
All the elements in the first column all have a single valence electron (H, Li, Na, K, etc. ) The second column elements all have 2 valence electrons (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, etc. ) Skipping over the gap, go to the Group 3 elements, which all have 3 valence electrons (B, Al, Ga, etc.) The elements in the next column (C, Si, Ge, etc. ) all have 4 valence electrons The elements in the next column (N, P, As, etc. ) all have, yes, you guessed it, 5 valence electrons O, S, Se, and the others in this column have 6 valence electrons The halogens in the next-to-last column (F, Cl, Br, etc.) have 7 valence electrons The noble gases in the right-most column (Ne, Ar, Kr, etc. ) all have 8 electrons in their out except for He, which only has 2 electrons If an atom is an ion, you must include the charge also: For a positive ion, for each charge subtract one electron, *for instance, Na has 1-1 = 0, BUT it has 8 valence electrons because it has the same electron configuration as Ne. Just as K has the same configuration as Ar. Therefore, the Alkali metals will have 8 valence electrons For a negative ion, add one electron for each charge, for instance, O 2 has 6+2 = 8 valence electrons.
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