How does the program wait for incoming connections once it goes past listen()?

That's just a misleading simplification. This system call marks the socket for listening . This means it informs the OS hey, look out for this socket, you're going to receive connection requests on it .

The listen() function does not wait for connections; it (a) informs the kernel that the socket will be accepting connections and (b) sets the backlog parameter -- how many connections the kernel will queue up before rejecting new connections. Listen() is called only once because it just sets things.

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