What can cause early postmenopause?

While the average woman in North America becomes postmenopausal at age 51, younger women may be postmenopausal for many different reasons. Women who become postmenopausal in their early forties, between ages 40 and 44, are referred to as having early postmenopause. There are a number of factors that influence the timing of premature menopause and postmenopause: Premature menopause refers to the cessation of menstrual periods and the end of fertility before the age of 40.

This can occur naturally or as a consequence of radiation or chemotherapy. Survivors of childhood cancer are more likely to experience premature menopause. Surgical menopause occurs when a woman's ovaries are surgically removed before she has made the transition into post-menopause on her own.

(If the ovaries are surgically removed after age 55, for example, and a woman is already postmenopausal, she has not experienced a surgical menopause.) Smoking is toxic to the ovaries and almost doubles the chances of premature menopause. It is also associated with postmenopause arriving up to two years earlier than it would have in the same woman if she did not smoke. A woman whose first menstrual period occurs at age 13 or younger is more likely to have premature menopause or early postmenopause.

Using oral contraceptives or birth control pills lowers the risk of early menopause. This is probably related to the fact that ovulation is suppressed while a woman is on oral contraceptives. This conserves follicles for later release.

Some women have several family members who enter postmenopause by age 40, suggesting a hereditary pattern. Genetic mutations may explain some of these cases.

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