Which countries in Africa are landlocked?

Uzbekistan has borders with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan that border the landlocked but saltwater Caspian Sea, from which ships can reach the Sea of Azov by using the man-made Volga-Don Canal, and thence the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the oceans. There were no doubly landlocked countries in the world from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. This is because Uzbekistan was part of the Russian Empire, and thus part of a country that was not landlocked; while Liechtenstein bordered Austria-Hungary, a country which had an Adriatic coast until it was dissolved in 1918.

Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary Liechtenstein became a doubly landlocked country. There were again no doubly landlocked countries from 1938 until the end of World War II, as Nazi Germany had incorporated Austria, which meant that Liechtenstein bordered a country with a coast. After World War II Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein became doubly landlocked once more.

Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan became the second doubly landlocked country. There are only three countries that are landlocked by a single country – that is, they are enclaves. San Marino, an enclave in Italy.

Vatican City, an enclave in the city of Rome, Italy. South Ossetia and Transnistria are landlocked by two countries, but have only limited recognition in the international community.