Which system component is responsible for binding Unicode ligatures in a Java application?

That system component is called a font renderer or font rasterizer. It is responsible for converting a sequence of character codes into pixels based on glyphs defined in a font. As other answers have stated, the various character encoding values you can get and set from Java are irrelevant.

When the JVM gives the font renderer a sequence of character codes, it tells it what encoding applies (probably UTF16, but this is transparent to the Java programmer.) The font renderer uses the font encoding specified in the font file to match up the corresponding glyphs.

I'm no expert, but hopefully these tips will point you in the right direction...

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