Why does bit-shifting an int upwards produce a negative number?

That's because int is a signed integer. In the two's-complement representation the sign of the integer is determined by the upper-most bit.

Good question! The answer is rather simple though.

I cant really gove you an answer,but what I can give you is a way to a solution, that is you have to find the anglde that you relate to or peaks your interest. A good paper is one that people get drawn into because it reaches them ln some way.As for me WW11 to me, I think of the holocaust and the effect it had on the survivors, their families and those who stood by and did nothing until it was too late.