How do honeybees make honey?

Most flower nectars are similar to sugar water -- sucrose mixed with water. Nectars can contain other beneficial substances as well. To make honey, two things happen: • Enzymes that bees produce turn the sucrose (a disaccharide) into glucose and fructose (monosaccharides).

See How Food Works for a discussion of food enzymes and saccharides. €¢ Most of the moisture has to be evaporated, leaving only about 18-percent water in honey. Here is a very nice description of the enzyme process: An enzyme, invertase, converts most of the sucrose into two six-carbon sugars, glucose and fructose.

A small amount of the glucose is attacked by a second enzyme, glucose oxidase, and converted into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid makes honey an acid medium with a low pH that is inhospitable to bacteria, mold, and fungi, organisms we call microbes, while the hydrogen peroxide gives short-range ... more.

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