Answer A coil of something conductive to produce the electromagnetic field is the bare minimum. Most electromagnets also have a ferrous metal (which is magnetized in turn) core or housing as well.
Beginning in 1827, US scientist Joseph Henry systematically improved and popularized the electromagnet. 9 By using wire insulated by silk thread he was able to wind multiple layers of wire on cores, creating powerful magnets with thousands of turns of wire, including one that could support 2,063 lb (936 kg). The first major use for electromagnets was in telegraph sounders.
The magnetic domain theory of how ferromagnetic cores work was first proposed in 1906 by French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and the detailed modern quantum mechanical theory of ferromagnetism was worked out in the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch and others. For definitions of the variables below, see box at end of article.
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