Was pane glass available in horse-drawn carriages in the 18th century?

Similar questions: pane glass horse drawn carriages 18th century.

Windows had glass in them as early as 1BC story of glassPhoenicia and EgyptNaturally occurring glass, such as obsidian, has been used since the stone age. According to Pliny the Elder, the Phoenicians made the first glass: The tradition is that a merchant ship laden with nitrum being moored at this place, the merchants were preparing their meal on the beach, and not having stones to prop up their pots, they used lumps of nitrum from the ship, which fused and mixed with the sands of the shore, and there flowed streams of a new translucent liquid, and thus was the origin of glass. Glass used as a glaze for pottery is known as early as 3000 BC.

However, there is archaeological evidence to support the claim that the first glass was made in Mesopotamia. Glass beads, seals, and architectural decorations date from around 2500 BC. By the 5th century BC this technology had spread to Greece and beyond.In the first century BC there were many glass centres located around the Mediterranean.

Around this time, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, glass blowing, both free-blowing and mould-blowing, was discovered. RomansDuring the Roman Empire craftsmen working as non-citizens developed many new techniques for the creation of glass. Through conquest and trade, the use of glass objects and the techniques used for producing them were spread as far as Scandinavia, the British Isles and China.

This spreading of technology resulted in glass artists congregating in areas such as Alexandria in Egypt where the famous Portland Vase was created, the Rhine Valley where Bohemian glass was developed and to Byzantium where glass designs became very ornate and where processes such as enamelling, staining and gilding were developed. At this time many glass objects, such as seals, windows, pipes, and vases were manufactured. Window glass was commonly used during the 1st century BC.

Examples found in Karanis, Egypt were translucent and very thick. After the fall of the Empire, the Emperor Constantine moved to Byzantium where the use of glass continued, and spread to the Islamic world, the masters of glass-vessel making in the later Middle Ages. However, in Europe, the use of glass declined and many techniques were forgotten.

The production of glass did not completely stop; it was used throughout the Anglo-Saxon period in Britain. But it did not become common again in the West until its resurgence in the 7th century. Islamic worldIn the medieval Islamic world, the first clear, colourless, high-purity glass were produced by Muslim chemists, architects and engineers in the 9th century.

One example is quartz glass, a colourless high-purity glass invented by Abbas Ibn Firnas (810-887), who was the first to produce glass from stones such as quartz. The Arab poet al-Buhturi (820-897) described the clarity of such glass as follows: "Its colour hides the glass as if it is standing in it without a container."Stained glass was also first produced by Muslim architects in Southwest Asia using coloured glass rather than stone. In the 8th century, the Arab chemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) scientifically described 46 original recipes for producing coloured glass in Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna (The Book of the in addition to 12 recipes inserted by al-Marrakishi in a later edition of the book.

The refracting parabolic mirror was first described by Ibn Sahl in his On the Burning Instruments in the 10th century, and later described again in Ibn al-Haytham's On Burning Mirrors and Book of Optics (1021). By the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were being produced in Islamic Spain. The first glass factories were also built by Muslim craftsmen in the Islamic world.

The first glass factories in Christian Europe were later built in the 11th century by Muslim Egyptian craftsmen in Corinth, Greece. Medieval EuropeGlass objects from the 7th and 8th centuries have been found on the island of Torcello near Venice. These form an important link between Roman times and the later importance of that city in the production of the material.

Around 1000 AD, an important technical breakthrough was made in Northern Europe when soda glass, produced from white pebbles and burnt vegetation was replaced by glass made from a much more readily available material: potash obtained from wood ashes. From this point on, northern glass differed significantly from that made in the Mediterranean area, where soda remained in common use. The 11th century saw the emergence in Germany of new ways of making sheet glass by blowing spheres.

The spheres were swung out to form cylinders and then cut while still hot, after which the sheets were flattened. This technique was perfected in 13th century Venice. Until the 12th century, stained glass, glass with metallic and other impurities for coloring, was not widely used.

The Crown glass process was used up to the mid-1800s.In this process, the glassblower would spin approximately 9 pounds (4 kg) of molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The disk would then be cut into panes. Venetian glass was highly prized between the 10th and 14th centuries.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass#story_of_glass .

"Upon some more trolling around I came across this link:bookrags.com/CarriageIf you read you'll find the use of windows in carriages was instituted in 1599 Paris, by Louis XIII, England adopted the use of glass in carriages but in order to withstand the vibration, the English imported the glass from France until around 1670. Hope this helps! :) .

"Upon some more trolling around I came across this link:bookrags.com/CarriageIf you read you'll find the use of windows in carriages was instituted in 1599 Paris, by Louis XIII, England adopted the use of glass in carriages but in order to withstand the vibration, the English imported the glass from France until around 1670. Hope this helps! :).

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