What is ATP Synthase?

The main function of the enzyme is ATP production. However, in some cases (especially in bacteria) the enzyme works in the reverse direction, acting as an ATP-driven proton pump that generates the transmembrane electrochemical potential difference of proton. More.

ATP is produced by almost all living things in their cell's organelles called mitochondria. It stands for adenosine triphosphate and it is the major 'currency' of energy in the body. It is not energy itself, but rather temporarily "stores" energy in its phosphodiester bonds (the bonds between the phosphate groups of the ATP molecule).

When the third phosphate bond is created, it immediately is broken and energy is released that can fuel the metabolic chemical reactions required by living organisms, which otherwise would be inefficient. This creates ADP which has one less phosphate attached to the group It may be helpful to think of ATP as a battery that gets charged, and as soon as it is charged, it sets off a spark of energy that can be used to do work in the body.

Activated carriers are a form of cellular currency. If a cell needs to have a reaction take place, however they do not have enough energy, they utilize an activated carrier. The most prevalent activated carrier in cells is adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP).

Many different cellular metabolic processes have a net gain of ATP, such as: the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis. Although the production of ATP is an energetically unfavorable one, it is traditionally coupled to a necessary and favorable reaction, such as the above listed cellular metabolic ones. The synthesis of ATP is a phosphorylation reaction in which a phosphate group (PO4) is added to adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP).

It is important to note however, that the synthesis and use of ATP is a circular process. When ATP is needed in order to power an energetically unfavorable reaction, it delivers it’s extra phosphate group, which is very energetic. Afterwards, it is once again ADP, and can be used as a substrate in cellular ... more.

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