Which design patterns allows managing state of involved objects/ holding (lazy) (im)mutable state, inspect and modify object passed/ returned etc?

Take a look at the Observer Pattern http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern The State pattern could be of use as well: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_pattern and perhaps also Memento http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_pattern depending on what you want to accomplish.

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