How do estrogen levels affect breast cancer risk?

The female hormone estrogen is thought to play a role in the risk of breast cancer and perhaps some other cancers of the reproductive system; tumors grow rapidly in the presence of the hormone, thus the risk of breast cancer probably fluctuates with changes in estrogen levels throughout a woman's life. The risk of breast cancer appears to increase with early onset of menstruation (before the age of 12), late age of first pregnancy or early age of last pregnancy (30 or older), late menopause (45 or older), or no pregnancies. The risk of breast cancer may also increase with prolonged use of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), although this is still a matter of debate.

Many women take estrogen around the time of menopause to help alleviate symptoms such as hot flashes, and the use of estrogen for a limited time around menopause seems to carry little or no risk. But long-term hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer. The Nurses' Health Study of over 120,000 registered nurses around the nation found that those over 60 who had undergone HRT for five years or more had a slight increase in risk of breast cancer.

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