What are the indications for smart central cannulation (right atrium/inferior vena cava) cannulation)?

The main indications for central venous (= right atrial) smart cannulation include lack of space for various reasons and/or a small/crowded right atrium from previous procedures. Smart cannulation of the right atrium/inferior vena cava may also be indicated for assisted beating heart procedures, where the ventricles have to be lifted and/or stabilized. More.

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